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What is meant by SAP implementation?
Consider this scenario. Company A offers 12 annual leaves. Company B offers 20 annual leaves. Salary must be deducted for any employee who uses 13th or 21st annual leave for Company A & B respectively. This information must be configured into the SAP system which is nothing but SAP implementation and configuration.

The SAP vanilla version is powerful but not much useful until it’s customized and configured as per the business policies, legal stipulations, & technical requirements of a company. This process is called SAP implementation. It could typically take a few months to even years.

What is SAP customization?
SAP by far has the highest collection of Business Process. But sometimes your internal company processed many not be accurately mapped using the readily available SAP business transactions.

In such cases custom code is created using ABAP. It involves code changing to create functionality that is not available through configuration. This is nothing but customizations. SAP customization can also be done to generate custom reports, programs, or enhancements.

What is maintenance of SAP software?
Once the SAP system is configured, customized, deployed and made live – any changes made to the SAP system is termed as Maintenance. This could include

New Feature addition to the SAP System
Bug Fixes
SAP Kernel Updates
Support Pack & Stack Updates
OSS note implementation
SAP End to End lifecycle and corresponding Testing Phases
There are multitude of methodology that can used for SAP implementation

ASAP Implementation ( For initial implementation of SAP systems , and porting from legacy systems)
Maintainence Lifecycle
Upgrade LifeCycle
Custom Development LifeCycle
Whatever the lifecycle you may be working, there are three main testing phases you will be involved in

1) Test Preparation

2) Test execution phase

3) Test Evaluation phase
Test preparation phase
Identification of business process to be tested
Manual and automated test case development
Creation of test suites and review
Set up of test system
Creation of test data
Test execution phase
Test execution either manually or using test tools
Test status reporting and defect handling
Test evaluation phase
Detailed assessment of all test plans
Defect Analysis
Documentation of the testing process
 

Types of Testing Applicable to SAP applications


For SAP applications the common testing performed are:

Unit Testing: This part of testing is mostly taken care by the developers based on their defined unit testing rules as per the organizations.  This is sometimes done by the skilful white box testers. The test is done in the development box. This is the testing of interfaces, conversions, enhancement, reports, work flows and forms(RICEWF) developed primarily with ABAP code. Testing of development object includes testing for security authorization, ,data transfer rules, reconciliations and batch scheduling jobs.  BW (Business Warehouse) testing is also part of the development tests.
Integration Testing:  It is the testing of combined components of a SAP application to determine if they function together correctly. It is typically done in the QA environment and uses realistic test data. 
Regression Testing:  Regression testing is done to ensure that the new changes implemented do not adversely affect the existing working code. SAP R/3 is a tightly integrated system. A single stack update, OSS note, transport, configuration changes, new development interfaces can have cascading and severe effect. Regression Testing is usually executed using automation tool by the testing team.
Performance Testing:  It is testing SAP applications to ensure that they will perform well under expected workload.  Performance testing encompasses load , volume & stress testing to determine system bottlenecks. The aim of this testing is to enhance robustness of SAP applications and helps deploy systems that can sustain high load forecast, with zero post production performance issues. The testing includes checking business processes that may cause stress, due to high transaction or batch volumes. It is usually executed using automated tools & involves collaboration of basis, database, infrastructure and test teams to monitor test results.
Functional Testing: Functional testing ensures that your implementation of SAP meets your business requirements. SAP is highly configurable system and could be easily integrated with in-house applications or third party tools. Given this varied configuration and complexity functional testing is a must. Functional testing removes uncertainty over business use cases and brings quality. It includes review of design documents and creating test artifacts including test requirements, test scenario and test cases. Functional testing is usually done by the testing team with a background in particular SAP module being tested.
User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Once functional, system and regression testing is completed, UAT ( User Acceptance Testing) is performed.  It ensures that the SAP system  is usable for the end users of the system. The end users independently execute the user acceptance test cases that includes testing business processes, functions, documentation (operating manuals, cheat sheets) etc. With UAT users can feel comfortable with the new business environment and can take full ownership of the system.
Security Testing: To ensure the safety of SAP applications, security testing is performed. High risk areaslikesap-portal security, network security, operational security, product security, access control and source code audit for security are tested. This is usually involves the basis, database, infrastructure, development and test teams.
Portal Testing: These techniques involve testing the SAP Portals on different browser and checking business processes
How to create a SAP Test Case
Let’s design a test case to change the Name of an employee in SAP system

To create an effective test case, you must

Determine SAP role required to execute the test case
Identify the SAP transaction that needs to be executed for the test case
Test Data required executing the test case. Determine whether the data needs to be created or whether it used by another tester or whether the data is locked & cannot be modified.
Any Pre-requisites
Peer review Test cases
Create positive as well negative scenarios
Create detailed Test Steps.
Test coverage should be robust
Document defects in timely manner which is as soon as they are discovered.
Refer this video, for a guideline on how to change SAP Infotype

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