SAP TESTING TRAINING

SPECTOITTRAINING.COM  is providing SAP  TESTING online training contact us:+91-9533456356,USA :+1-847-787-7647 mail : info@spectoittraining.com, by real time experts in SAP TESTING  training  Online Training all over the world like Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Singapore, Malaysia USA, Canada, UK, France, Japan, Germany, Dubai, UAE, Newzeland, Australia, Middle East, GCC, UAE (Dubai, Abu Dhabi), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, etc….
SAP TESTING online training placement and certification.

full course details please visit our website http://www.saponlinetraining.in

For any further details please contact India +91-9533 456 356 ,USA :+1-847-787-7647

Test Case Development
Individual Process
Integrated Business Process
Our SAP Testing Online Training batches start every week and we accommodate your flexible timings.
What is meant by SAP implementation?
Consider this scenario. Company A offers 12 annual leaves. Company B offers 20 annual leaves. Salary must be deducted for any employee who uses 13th or 21st annual leave for Company A & B respectively. This information must be configured into the SAP system which is nothing but SAP implementation and configuration.

The SAP vanilla version is powerful but not much useful until it’s customized and configured as per the business policies, legal stipulations, & technical requirements of a company. This process is called SAP implementation. It could typically take a few months to even years.

What is SAP customization?
SAP by far has the highest collection of Business Process. But sometimes your internal company processed many not be accurately mapped using the readily available SAP business transactions.

In such cases custom code is created using ABAP. It involves code changing to create functionality that is not available through configuration. This is nothing but customizations. SAP customization can also be done to generate custom reports, programs, or enhancements.

What is maintenance of SAP software?
Once the SAP system is configured, customized, deployed and made live – any changes made to the SAP system is termed as Maintenance. This could include

New Feature addition to the SAP System
Bug Fixes
SAP Kernel Updates
Support Pack & Stack Updates
OSS note implementation
SAP End to End lifecycle and corresponding Testing Phases
There are multitude of methodology that can used for SAP implementation

ASAP Implementation ( For initial implementation of SAP systems , and porting from legacy systems)
Maintainence Lifecycle
Upgrade LifeCycle
Custom Development LifeCycle
Whatever the lifecycle you may be working, there are three main testing phases you will be involved in

1) Test Preparation

2) Test execution phase

3) Test Evaluation phase
Test preparation phase
Identification of business process to be tested
Manual and automated test case development
Creation of test suites and review
Set up of test system
Creation of test data
Test execution phase
Test execution either manually or using test tools
Test status reporting and defect handling
Test evaluation phase
Detailed assessment of all test plans
Defect Analysis
Documentation of the testing process
 

Types of Testing Applicable to SAP applications


For SAP applications the common testing performed are:

Unit Testing: This part of testing is mostly taken care by the developers based on their defined unit testing rules as per the organizations.  This is sometimes done by the skilful white box testers. The test is done in the development box. This is the testing of interfaces, conversions, enhancement, reports, work flows and forms(RICEWF) developed primarily with ABAP code. Testing of development object includes testing for security authorization, ,data transfer rules, reconciliations and batch scheduling jobs.  BW (Business Warehouse) testing is also part of the development tests.
Integration Testing:  It is the testing of combined components of a SAP application to determine if they function together correctly. It is typically done in the QA environment and uses realistic test data. 
Regression Testing:  Regression testing is done to ensure that the new changes implemented do not adversely affect the existing working code. SAP R/3 is a tightly integrated system. A single stack update, OSS note, transport, configuration changes, new development interfaces can have cascading and severe effect. Regression Testing is usually executed using automation tool by the testing team.
Performance Testing:  It is testing SAP applications to ensure that they will perform well under expected workload.  Performance testing encompasses load , volume & stress testing to determine system bottlenecks. The aim of this testing is to enhance robustness of SAP applications and helps deploy systems that can sustain high load forecast, with zero post production performance issues. The testing includes checking business processes that may cause stress, due to high transaction or batch volumes. It is usually executed using automated tools & involves collaboration of basis, database, infrastructure and test teams to monitor test results.
Functional Testing: Functional testing ensures that your implementation of SAP meets your business requirements. SAP is highly configurable system and could be easily integrated with in-house applications or third party tools. Given this varied configuration and complexity functional testing is a must. Functional testing removes uncertainty over business use cases and brings quality. It includes review of design documents and creating test artifacts including test requirements, test scenario and test cases. Functional testing is usually done by the testing team with a background in particular SAP module being tested.
User Acceptance Testing (UAT): Once functional, system and regression testing is completed, UAT ( User Acceptance Testing) is performed.  It ensures that the SAP system  is usable for the end users of the system. The end users independently execute the user acceptance test cases that includes testing business processes, functions, documentation (operating manuals, cheat sheets) etc. With UAT users can feel comfortable with the new business environment and can take full ownership of the system.
Security Testing: To ensure the safety of SAP applications, security testing is performed. High risk areaslikesap-portal security, network security, operational security, product security, access control and source code audit for security are tested. This is usually involves the basis, database, infrastructure, development and test teams.
Portal Testing: These techniques involve testing the SAP Portals on different browser and checking business processes
How to create a SAP Test Case
Let’s design a test case to change the Name of an employee in SAP system

To create an effective test case, you must

Determine SAP role required to execute the test case
Identify the SAP transaction that needs to be executed for the test case
Test Data required executing the test case. Determine whether the data needs to be created or whether it used by another tester or whether the data is locked & cannot be modified.
Any Pre-requisites
Peer review Test cases
Create positive as well negative scenarios
Create detailed Test Steps.
Test coverage should be robust
Document defects in timely manner which is as soon as they are discovered.
Refer this video, for a guideline on how to change SAP Infotype

Read More

sap testing online training in uk&usa

Specto it training is famous on-line training institute in Hyderabad India. We offer online training on various tools and  technologies we have excellent trainers with good experience, We provide job oriented online classes on various Tools & Technologies.  We will provide 100% project support like solving the technical issues with in the time, We also provide Corporate trainings at client location & Online, We have a development center in Hyderabad, along with training we provide projects for required candidates. we will conduct mock interviews through on-line we will guide you for the interview we will support you in resume preparation we provide .
Once you register in our web site and find coaching then our trainer supports and clarifies your doubts whereas doing job. This can be the special supply to our student to become an entire software system skilled. All told, courses we offer quality coaching to our students our passion is to coach every student in real. We will train in-depth studies all told courses.

SAP Testing Online Training curriculum:-
Overview of Testing

Definition
Importance of Testing
Concepts of Testing

 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
Defect Management Life Cycle/ Bug Life Cycle
Types of Testing

Different types of testing
Ex: Black Box Testing, White Box Testing etc.

Manual Testing and Automation

Definition
Automation Tools
Difference between Manual & Automation
Test Management Tool

Definition
Different types of Test Management tools
Introduction to Quality Center(QC)
Requirements
Test Plan
Test Lab
Defect Reporting
Brief Overview about ERP

Definition of ERP
Various types of ERP
Difference between ERP Testing and
Other Application Testing
Overview of SAP

Definition of SAP
Architecture of SAP
System Landscape
Different modules in SAP
Difference between R/3 and EP
(SAP) ASAP Methodology

Project Preparation
Business Blue Print
Realization
Final Preparation
Go Live & Support
Types of Projects

Implementation Project
Support Project
Rollout Project
Upgrade Project
SAP Modules

Human Resource Management /
Human Capital Management
Sales & Distribution
Material Management
Finance Management (FI /CO)
SAP Testing Types

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Regression Testing
UAT
Sales & Distribution (SD)

Sales
Delivery
Billing
Material Management (MM)

Purchasing cycle for materials
 SAP Modules Introduction:

HCM /HR

Personnel Administration
Organizational Management
Benefits
Time Management
Payroll
ESS
MSS
SAP Navigations

Functions
Buttons
Screens
Test Case Development

Test Case Development
Individual Process
Integrated Business Process
Our SAP Testing Online Training batches start every week and we accommodate your flexible timings.
What is meant by SAP implementation?
Consider this scenario. Company A offers 12 annual leaves. Company B offers 20 annual leaves. Salary must be deducted for any employee who uses 13th or 21st annual leave for Company A & B respectively. This information must be configured into the SAP system which is nothing but SAP implementation and configuration.

The SAP vanilla version is powerful but not much useful until it’s customized and configured as per the business policies, legal stipulations, & technical requirements of a company. This process is called SAP implementation. It could typically take a few months to even years.

What is SAP customization?
SAP by far has the highest collection of Business Process. But sometimes your internal company processed many not be accurately mapped using the readily available SAP business transactions.

In such cases custom code is created using ABAP. It involves code changing to create functionality that is not available through configuration. This is nothing but customizations. SAP customization can also be done to generate custom reports, programs, or enhancements.

What is maintenance of SAP software?
Once the SAP system is configured, customized, deployed and made live – any changes made to the SAP system is termed as Maintenance. This could include

New Feature addition to the SAP System
Bug Fixes
SAP Kernel Updates
Support Pack & Stack Updates
OSS note implementation
SAP End to End lifecycle and corresponding Testing Phases

Read More

SAP TESTING Online Training in germany&uk

SPECTO IT TRAINING  is providing SAP TESTING online training contact us:+91-9533456356,USA :+1-847-787-7647 

mail : info@spectoittraining.com, by real time experts in SAP TESTING training Online Training all over the world like Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Singapore, Malaysia USA, Canada, UK, France, Japan, Germany, Dubai, UAE, Newzeland, Australia, Middle East, GCC, UAE (Dubai, Abu Dhabi), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, etc….

SAP TESTING online training placement and certification.

full course details please visit our website http://www.saponlinetraining.in

For any further details please contact India +91-9533 456 356 ,USA :+1-847-787-7647

SAP TESTING Training topics :

Definition
Importance of Testing
Concepts of Testing

 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
Defect Management Life Cycle/ Bug Life Cycle
Types of Testing

Different types of testing
Ex: Black Box Testing, White Box Testing etc.

Manual Testing and Automation

Definition
Automation Tools
Difference between Manual & Automation
Test Management Tool

Definition
Different types of Test Management tools
Introduction to Quality Center(QC)
Requirements
Test Plan
Test Lab
Defect Reporting
Brief Overview about ERP

Definition of ERP
Various types of ERP
Difference between ERP Testing and
Other Application Testing
Overview of SAP

Definition of SAP
Architecture of SAP
System Landscape
Different modules in SAP
Difference between R/3 and EP
(SAP) ASAP Methodology

Project Preparation
Business Blue Print
Realization
Final Preparation
Go Live & Support
Types of Projects

Implementation Project
Support Project
Rollout Project
Upgrade Project
SAP Modules

Human Resource Management /
Human Capital Management
Sales & Distribution
Material Management
Finance Management (FI /CO)
SAP Testing Types

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Regression Testing
UAT
Sales & Distribution (SD)

Sales
Delivery
Billing
Material Management (MM)

Purchasing cycle for materials
 SAP Modules Introduction:

HCM /HR

Personnel Administration
Organizational Management
Benefits
Time Management
Payroll
ESS
MSS
SAP Navigations

Functions
Buttons
Screens
Test Case Development

Read More

SAP HANA DEVELOPEMENT Training-SPECTO IT Training

SAP HANA DATA BASE:
SAP HANA data consists of two data base engines.

1.The columnbased store, storing relational data in columns, optimized for holding data mart tables with large amount of data, which are aggregated and used in analytical operations.
The row based store,storing relational data in rows this row Store is optimized for write operations and has a lower compression rate,and its query performance is much lower compared to column based store.

 The engine that is used to store data can be selected on a per table basis at the time of creation of a table.Tables in the row-store are loaded into memoryat startup time, whereas tables in the columnstore can be either loaded at startup or on demand, during normal operation of the sap hana.

4.Analysis:SAP HANA High Availability (HA) Features

The HA analysis of SAP HANA can be done across the following three elements

.1.Scalability support

2.Disaster Recovery (DR) support

3.Backup & Recovery supporT

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SAP Testing Online Training in INDIA

Specto IT  Training is providing SAP testing online training by real time experts in Sap testing  Online Training all over the world like Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Pune, Singapore, Malaysia USA, Canada, UK, France, Japan, Germany, Dubai, UAE, Newzeland, Australia, Middle East, GCC, UAE (Dubai, Abu Dhabi), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, etc….
SAP Testing  online training placement and certification.

SAP Testing Online Training curriculum:-
Overview of Testing

Definition
Importance of Testing
Concepts of Testing

 Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
Defect Management Life Cycle/ Bug Life Cycle
Types of Testing

Different types of testing
Ex: Black Box Testing, White Box Testing etc.

Manual Testing and Automation

Definition
Automation Tools
Difference between Manual & Automation
Test Management Tool

Definition
Different types of Test Management tools
Introduction to Quality Center(QC)
Requirements
Test Plan
Test Lab
Defect Reporting
Brief Overview about ERP

Definition of ERP
Various types of ERP
Difference between ERP Testing and
Other Application Testing
Overview of SAP

Definition of SAP
Architecture of SAP
System Landscape
Different modules in SAP
Difference between R/3 and EP
(SAP) ASAP Methodology

Project Preparation
Business Blue Print
Realization
Final Preparation
Go Live & Support
Types of Projects

Implementation Project
Support Project
Rollout Project
Upgrade Project
SAP Modules

Human Resource Management /
Human Capital Management
Sales & Distribution
Material Management
Finance Management (FI /CO)
SAP Testing Types

Unit Testing
Integration Testing
Regression Testing
UAT
Sales & Distribution (SD)

Sales
Delivery
Billing
Material Management (MM)

Purchasing cycle for materials
 SAP Modules Introduction:

HCM /HR

Personnel Administration
Organizational Management
Benefits
Time Management
Payroll
ESS
MSS
SAP Navigations

Functions
Buttons

Screens
Test Case Development New Feature addition to the SAP System
Bug Fixes
SAP Kernel Updates
Support Pack & Stack Updates
OSS note implementation
SAP End to End lifecycle and corresponding Testing Phases
There are multitude of methodology that can used for SAP implementation

ASAP Implementation ( For initial implementation of SAP systems , and porting from legacy systems)
Maintainence Lifecycle
Upgrade LifeCycle
Custom Development LifeCycle

 

Read More

SAP IS RETAIL ONLINE TRAINING IN MUMBAI

SPECTO IT TRAINING is famous on-line training institute in Hyderabad India. We offer online training on various tools and  technologies we have excellent trainers with good experience, We provide job oriented online classes on various Tools & Technologies.  We will provide 100% project support like solving the technical issues with in the time, We also provide Corporate trainings at client location & Online, We have a development center in Hyderabad, along with training we provide projects for required candidates. we will conduct mock interviews through on-line we will guide you for the interview we will support you in resume preparation we provide .
Once you register in our web site and find coaching then our trainer supports and clarifies your doubts whereas doing job. This can be the special supply to our student to become an entire software system skilled. All told, courses we offer quality coaching to our students our passion is to coach every student in real. We will train in-depth studies all told courses
SAP IS Retail Online Training Course Details..
SAP IS Retails Course Content

I. Introduction
IS- Retail Overview
IS- Retail Process
Purchasing & Sales
Merchandise Logistics
Retail org structure

II. Retail Master Data
Article Master Data
Merchandise of categories

Creation of Merchandise categories Hierarchies
Creation of Articles
Single
Generic & Variant Articles
Creation of Structure Articles
Sales Set
Display

III. Site Master Data
Definition of Terms
Maintain site Profiles
Create Reference Sites
Update site profiles with reference sites
Define standard storage location in reference sites
Additional sites Data
Customizing for sites
Site Grouping
Creation of sites
Create of Reference Sites
Distribution Centers
Stores

IV. Purchasing Data
Creation of Vendor
Creation of purchase Organization
Purchasing Group
Vendor Master Data
Vendor Managed Inventory
Buyer Managed Inventory

V. Assortment operations Listing & Management
Assortment Creation, Assortment types, Assortment Grades & Modules
Creating a Layout module
Listing – Assignment of Articles to Assortments and Creating Listing Conditions
Listing Procedures & Listing via Layout Customizations
Assignment of Products to Layout Modules
Creation of Structure Articles
Assignment of Assortments to Assortment users

VI. Retail Pricing Retail Promotions
Sales Price Calculations
Purchase Price Calculations
Market Basket pricing
Promotions Management, Creation and Execution of Promotions
Bonus buys, Coupons
PRICAT

VII. Merchandise Requirements Planning and Purchasing, Distribution
Warehouse & DC Management
Merchandise Distribution ( Allocation Planning & Allocation tables)
Invoice Verification & Sub Sequent settlement
Cross Docking Flow – Through, Recipient Driven & Article Driven
Put Away
Direct Delivery
Procurement of merchandise

VIII. Sales Order Management

IX. SAP Retail Store Connectivity
ALE EDI & IDOC Overview
POS Operations & Back Ground Processing in Retail

Read More

sap is retail online training in uk

SPECTO IT TRAINING is famous on-line training institute in Hyderabad India usa&uk. We offer online training on various tools and  technologies we have excellent trainers with good experience, We provide job oriented online classes on various Tools & Technologies.  We will provide 100% project support like solving the technical issues with in the time, We also provide Corporate trainings at client location & Online, We have a development center in Hyderabad, along with training we provide projects for required candidates. we will conduct mock interviews through on-line we will guide you for the interview we will support you in resume preparation we provide .

Once you register in our web site and find coaching then our trainer supports and clarifies your doubts whereas doing job. This can be the special supply to our student to become an entire software system skilled. All told, courses we offer quality coaching to our students our passion is to coach every student in real. We will train in-depth studies all told courses

SAP IS Retail Online Training Course Details..

SAP IS Retails Course Content

I. Introduction

IS- Retail Overview

IS- Retail Process

Purchasing & Sales

Merchandise Logistics

Retail org structure

II. Retail Master Data

Article Master Data

Merchandise of categories

Creation of Merchandise categories Hierarchies

Creation of Articles

Single

Generic & Variant Articles

Creation of Structure Articles

Sales Set

Display

III. Site Master Data

Definition of Terms

Maintain site Profiles

Create Reference Sites

Update site profiles with reference sites

Define standard storage location in reference sites

Additional sites Data

Customizing for sites

Site Grouping

Creation of sites

Create of Reference Sites

Distribution Centers

Stores

IV. Purchasing Data

Creation of Vendor

Creation of purchase Organization

Purchasing Group

Vendor Master Data

Vendor Managed Inventory

Buyer Managed Inventory

V. Assortment operations Listing & Management

Assortment Creation, Assortment types, Assortment Grades & Modules

Creating a Layout module

Listing – Assignment of Articles to Assortments and Creating Listing Conditions

Listing Procedures & Listing via Layout Customizations

Assignment of Products to Layout Modules

Creation of Structure Articles

Assignment of Assortments to Assortment users

VI. Retail Pricing Retail Promotions

Sales Price Calculations

Purchase Price Calculations

Market Basket pricing

Promotions Management, Creation and Execution of Promotions

Bonus buys, Coupons

PRICAT

VII. Merchandise Requirements Planning and Purchasing, Distribution

Warehouse & DC Management

Merchandise Distribution ( Allocation Planning & Allocation tables)

Invoice Verification & Sub Sequent settlement

Cross Docking Flow – Through, Recipient Driven & Article Driven

Put Away

Direct Delivery

Procurement of merchandise

VIII. Sales Order Management

IX. SAP Retail Store Connectivity

ALE EDI & IDOC Overview

POS Operations & Back Ground Processing in Retail

Read More

sap is retail online training in usa

SAP for Retail

SAP's offering for retail companies can take on different forms depending on the needs of that company. The ability to respond rapidly to market demands is vital in the dynamic world of retail. After all, there is nothing more constant in this industry than change.

Customers today are savvy, fickle, and demanding. How do retailers grow profitably in these challenging times? By transforming the business to deliver unified, personalized customer experiences that engage and drive loyalty.

Connected customers are redefining the shopping experience. A vast majority of all purchases begin on a PC. Furthermore, most consumers want to be digitally engaged in their future shopping experiences. Expectations have never been higher for retailers to deliver shopping experiences through online channels, mobile technology, and social networks.

Yet, this change is taking place where the brick-and-mortar store still accounts for most of the transactions. And even though some of these transactions start elsewhere, they’re still completed in the physical store. Innovative retailers are taking the lead to turn these storefronts to an integration hub of mobile, social, and digital retailing trends.

To remain relevant, retailers need to provide localized and personalized interactions with compelling choices. Furthermore, the store experience must
evolve to attract and keep customers. A fresh view of connected customer engagement is necessary to create differentiated value.

Leading retailers are utilizing SAP technology and software to deliver personalized customer experiences, as well as increasing operating efficiencies to reduce costs and run better.

Retail Value Map:

Customer-Centric Marketing and Merchandising

Build personalized shopping experiences with your customers. Develop targeted promotions and pricing strategies that give a high return on investment, while lowering inventory costs

Sourcing, Buying and Private Label

Efficiently source, buy, or produce products by collaborating with a global network of business partners

Supply Chain

Optimize customer service and profitability by balancing supply and inventory to meet dynamic demand at optimum cost

Omnicommerce Customer Experience

Truly understand customer needs to increase brand awareness, improve interaction, and utilize customer interaction channels that are consistent, personalized, and enjoyable

     

 

Read More

SAP ABAP OOPS Online training in USA

SAP OOPS ABAP Course Content:

  Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

The Need for a Better Abstraction

Classes and Objects

Establishing Boundaries

Reuse

Object Management

UML Tutorial: Class Diagram Basics

Summary

    Working with Objects

Syntax Overview

Creating and Using Objects

Building Your First Object-Oriented Program

Getting Started with the Class Builder

Case Study: Working with Regular Expressions

UML Tutorial: Object Diagrams

Summary

    Encapsulation and Implementation Hiding

Lessons Learned from the Procedural Approach

Data Abstraction with Classes

Defining Component Visibilities

Hiding the Implementation

Designing by Contract

UML Tutorial: Sequence Diagrams

Summary

    Object Initialization and Cleanup

Creating Objects

Controlling Object Initialization with Constructors

Garbage Collection

Tuning Performance

Summary

    Inheritance

Generalization and Specialization

Inheriting Components

The Abstract and Final Keywords

Inheritance

Using the Refactoring Assistant

UML Tutorial: Advanced Class Diagrams Part I

Summary

    Polymorphism

Object Reference Assignments Revisited

Dynamic Method Call Binding

Interfaces

UML Tutorial: Advanced Class Diagrams Part II

Summary

    Error Handling with Exceptions

Lessons Learned from Prior Approaches

The Class-Based Exception Handling Concept

Dealing with Exceptions

Raising and Forwarding Exceptions

Creating Exception classes

UML Tutorial: Activity Diagrams Summary

    Working with the SAP List Viewer

Overview of the SAP Control Framework

Overview of the ALV Object Model

Getting Started with the Flight Query Report

Event Handling with the ALV Object Model

UML Tutorial: Communication Diagrams

    ABAP Object Services

Object-Relational Mapping Concepts

Persistence Service Overview

Building Persistent Classes

Working with Persistent Objects

UML Tutorial: Advanced Sequence Diagrams

Summary

    Debugging Objects

Debugging Objects Using the Classic ABAP Debugger

Debugging Objects Using the New ABAP Debug

What is Object Orientation? 

In the past, information systems used to be defined primarily by their functionality: data and functions were kept separate and linked together by means of input and output relations.

The object-oriented approach, however, focuses on objects that represent abstract or concrete things of the real world. These objects are first defined by their character and their properties which are represented by their internal structure and their attributes (data). The behaviour of these objects is described by methods (functionality).

Objects form a capsule which combines the character to the respective behaviour. Objects should enable programmers to map a real problem and its proposed software solution on a one-to-one basis.

Typical objects in a business environment are, for example, ‘Customer’, ‘Order’, or ‘Invoice’. From Release 3.1 onwards, the Business Object Repository (BOR) of SAP Web Applicaton Server ABAP has contained examples of such objects. The BOR object model will be integrated into ABAP Objects in the next Release by migrating the BOR object types to the ABAP class library.

A comprehensive introduction to object orientation as a whole would go far beyond the limits of this introduction to ABAP Objects. This documentation introduces a selection of terms that are used universally in object orientation and also occur in ABAP Objects. In subsequent sections, it goes on to discuss in more detail how these terms are used in ABAP Objects. The end of this section contains a list of further reading, with a selection of titles about object orientation.

Objects

Objects are instances of classes. They contain data and provides services. The data forms the attributes of the object. The services are known as methods (also known as operations or functions). Typically, methods operate on private data (the attributes, or state of the object), which is only visible to the methods of the object. Thus the attributes of an object cannot be changed directly by the user, but only by the methods of the object. This guarantees the internal consistency of the object.

Classes

Classes describe objects. From a technical point of view, objects are runtime instances of a class. In theory, you can create any number of objects based on a single class. Each instance (object) of a class has a unique identity and its own set of values for its attributes.

Object References

In a program, you identify and address objects using unique object references. Object references allow you to access the attributes and methods of an object.

In object-oriented programming, objects usually have the following properties:

Encapsulation

Objects restrict the visibility of their resources (attributes and methods) to other users. Every object has aninterface, which determines how other objects can interact with it. The implementation of the object is encapsulated, that is, invisible outside the object itself.

Inheritance

You can use an existing class to derive a new class. Derived classes inherit the data and methods of the superclass. However, they can overwrite existing methods, and also add new ones.

Polymorphism

Identical (identically-named) methods behave differently in different classes. In ABAP Objects, polymorphism is implemented by redefining methods during inheritance and by using constructs called interfaces.

Uses of Object Orientation

Below are some of the advantages of object-oriented programming:

·  Complex software systems become easier to understand, since object-oriented structuring provides a closer representation of reality than other programming techniques.

·  In a well-designed object-oriented system, it should be possible to implement changes at class level, without having to make alterations at other points in the system. This reduces the overall amount of maintenance required.

·  Through polymorphism and inheritance, object-oriented programming allows you to reuse individual components.

·  In an object-oriented system, the amount of work involved in revising and maintaining the system is reduced, since many problems can be detected and corrected in the design phase. 

Achieving these goals requires:

·  Object-oriented programming languages

Object-oriented programming techniques do not necessarily depend on object-oriented programming languages. However, the efficiency of object-oriented programming depends directly on how object-oriented language techniques are implemented in the system kernel.

·  Object-oriented tools

Object-oriented tools allow you to create object-oriented programs in object-oriented languages. They allow you to model and store development objects and the relationships between them.

·  Object-oriented modeling

The object-orientation modeling of a software system is the most important, most time-consuming, and most difficult requirement for attaining the above goals. Object-oriented design involves more than just object-oriented programming, and provides logical advantages that are independent of the actual implementation.

This section of the ABAP User’s Guide provides an overview of the object-oriented extension of the ABAP language. We have used simple examples to demonstrate how to use the new features. However, these are not intended to be a model for object-oriented design. More detailed information about each of the ABAP Objects statements is contained in the keyword documentation in the ABAP Editor. For a comprehensive introduction to object-oriented software development, you should read one or more of the titles listed below.

Further Reading

There are many books about object orientation, object-oriented programming languages, object-oriented analysis and design, project management for OO projects, patterns and frameworks, and so on. This is a small selection of good books covering the most important topics:

·  Scott Ambler, The Object Primer, SIGS Books & Multimedia (1996), ISBN: 1884842178

A very good introduction to object orientation for programmers. It provides comprehensive explanations of all essential OO concepts, and contains a procedure model for learning OO quickly and thoroughly. It is easy to read and practical, but still theoretically-founded.

·  Grady Booch, Object Solutions: Managing the Object-Oriented Project, Addison-Wesley Pub Co (1995), ISBN: 0805305947

A good book about all of the non-technical aspects of OO that are equally important for effective object-oriented programming. Easy to read and full of practical tips.

·  Martin Fowler, UML Distilled: Applying the Standard Object Modeling Language, Addison-Wesley Pub Co (1997), ISBN: 0201325632

An excellent book about UML (Unified Modeling Language - the new standardized OO language and notation for modeling). Assumes knowledge and experience of object orientation.

·  Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson and John Vlissides, Design Patterns. Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software, Addison-Wesley Pub Co (1998), ISBN: 0201634988

Provides a pattern, showing how recurring design problems can be solved using objects. This is the first big pattern book, containing many examples of good OO design.

·  James Rumbaugh, OMT Insights: Perspectives on Modeling from the Journal of Object-Oriented Programming, Prentice Hall (1996), ISBN: 0138469652

A collection of articles addressing the many questions and problems of OO analysis and design, implementation, dependency management, and so on. Highly recommended.

Notes

If you are new to object-orientation, you should read Scott Ambler’s ‘The Object Primer’ and then acquire some practical experience of your own. You should definitely use the CRC techniques described by Ambler and Fowler for object-oriented analysis and design. After this, you should learn UML, since this is the universal OO analysis and design notation. Finally, you should read at least one book about patterns.

At the beginning of a large OO project, the question immediately arises as to the sequence in which things should be done, which phases should be finished at what time, how to divide up and organize the development work, how to minimize risks, how to assemble a good team, and so on and so forth. Many of the best practices of project management have had to be redefined for the object-oriented world, and the opportunities that this has produced are significant. For further information about how to use OO in project management, see Grady Brooch’s book ‘Object solutions’, or the chapter entitles ‘An outline development process’ from Martin Fowler’s book.

There are, of course, many other good books about object orientation. The above list does not claim either to be complete, or necessarily to recommend the best books available.

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